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Abstract

The article dwells on the crisis of metaphysics and on attempts to resolve it. This problem is rooted in the physics–metaphysics opposition that was first expressed by Aristotle. With the development of natural science, this opposition had turned into contradiction. By the 19th century, metaphysics started to be seen as an obstacle to physics, which was noted by Engels in his Dialectics of Nature. All attempts to “save” metaphysics resulted in its subjectification, reducing existence to human existence. Husserl and Heidegger tried in vain to demarcate a boundary line between their philosophy and the emerging psychology. Transcendental idealism, phenomenology and existentialism identified the problem of verification of metaphysical knowledge and were rightly rejected by the analytic tradition. However, subjectivization of metaphysics is overcome by the concept of “death of the subject”, which allows one to reach the entity through language. Ideas are born in a language; the world is a text; language speaks through the human; the transcendental is structured like a language – these are the key points of the twentieth-century philosophy of language. Nevertheless, there is still room for linguistic metaphysics as, within the language, entities turn into meanings, which casts doubt on metaphysics as a doctrine of entities. Thus, the question of extralinguistic reality becomes meaningless and metaphysical in the positivist sense of the word. Even though throughout the 20th century attempts had been made to create analytical metaphysics, a distinction should be drawn between metaphysics and ontology, as ontology is nominally a science of entity. Modern ontology cannot ignore the achievements of linguistic philosophy, neither can it withdraw into linguistics due to the fundamental meaning of the ultimate values of culture that can be cognized by the method of philosophical reflection.

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References

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