UDC

582.47:581.8:58.073

Authors

Surso Mikhail Voldemarovich, Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Arkhangelsk, Russia)

Abstract

The paper presents the results of the morphological and anatomical study of Juniperus communis galls caused by two-whorled juniper gallfly (Oligotrophus panteli Kieffer, Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and of Picea ajanensis adelgid galls caused by Adelges laricis Vallot (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Formation of two-whorled juniper gallfly galls is caused by malfunction of shoot apical meristem and by abnormal growth of needles of two top whorles. The most considerable changes in the anatomical structure are observed in the needles of the internal whorl of the gall. The structure of A. laricis galls is characterized by abnormal growth of the basal part of the needles, absence of endoderm, lack of cell walls rugosity of needle mesophyll, as well as dysfunction of the resin ducts. The most significant changes are observed in the basal part of the gall-forming needles.

Keywords

gall, juniper, Oligotrophus panteli, spruce, Adelges laricis, needles, tissue.

References

1. Jensen W. Botanical Hystochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company, 1962. 408 p. (Russ. ed.: Dzhensen U. Botanicheskaya gistokhimiya. Мoscow, Mir Publ., 1965. 380 p.). 
2. Mamaev B.M. Galitsy, ikh biologiya i khozyaystvennoe znachenie [Gall Midges, Their Biology and Economic Value]. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ., 1962. 72 p. 
3. Mamaev B.M. Evolyutsiya galloobrazuyushchikh nasekomykh – gallits [Evolution of Gall-Forming Insects – Gall Midges]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1968. 238 p. 
4. Pausheva Z.P. Praktikum po tsitologii rasteniy [Practical Course of Plant Cytology]. Moscow, Kolos Publ., 1970. 255 p. 
5. Petrov D.L. Dendrofil’nye galloobrazuyushchie dvukrylye (Insecta: Diptera) fauny Belarusi [Dendrophilous Gall-Forming Diptera (Insecta: Diptera) of Belarusian Fauna]. Vestnik BGU. Ser. 2, 2010, no. 1, pp. 31–35. 
6. Kholodkovskiy N.A. Khermesy, vredyashchie khvoynym derev’yam. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya monografiya [Chermes Damaging Pine Trees. Agricultural Monograph]. Petrograd, 1915. 89 p. 
7. Cilbircioğlu C., Ünal S. Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Forest Trees of Turkey. J. Agric. Urban Entomol., 2008, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13–23. 
8. Gagné R.J. A Catalogue of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2004, no. 23, pp. 1–408. 
9. Skuhravá M., Bayram Ş., Çam H., Tezcam S., Can P. Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Turkey. Türk. Entomol. Derg., 2005, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 17–34. 
10. Havill N.P., Foottit R.G. Biology and Evolution of Adelgidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 2007, vol. 52, pp. 325–349. 
11. Yang C.-M., Yang M.-M., Hsu J.-M., Jane W.-N. Herbivorous Insect Causes Deficiency of Pigment-Protein Complexes in an Oval-Pointed Cecydomyiidae Gall Machilus thunbergii Leaf. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 2003, vol. 44, pp. 315–321. 
12. Kraus C., Spiteller G. Comparison of Phenolic Compounds from Galls and Shoots of Picea glauca. Phytochemistry, 1997, vol. 44, pp. 59–67. 
13. Simova-Tošiǵ D., Graora D., Spasić R., Smiljanić D. Oligotrophus betheli Felt. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a New Species in the Fauna of Europe. Arch. Biol. Sci., 2010, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1219–1221.
    
14. de Oliveira D.C., dos Santos Isaias R.M. Influence of Leaflet Age in Anatomy and Possible Adaptive Values of the Midrib Gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). Rev. Biol. Trop., 2009, vol. 57 (1–2), pp. 293–302. 
15. Plumb G.H. The Formation and Development of the Norway Spruce Gall Caused by Adelges abietis L. Bull. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., 1953, vol. 566, pp. 1–77. 
16. Sarker F. Gall in Juniperus communis at High Force, Middleton-in-Teesdale. Botanical Society of British Isles (BSBI) News, 2008, no. 107, p. 7. 
17. Stone G.N., Schönrogge K. The Adaptive Significance of Insect Gall Morphology (Review). Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2003, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 512–522. 
18. Thomas P.A., El-Barghathi M., Polwart A. Biological Flora of British Isles: Juniperus communis L. J. Ecol., 2007, vol. 95, no. 248, pp. 1404–1440. 
19. Unal S., Akkuzu E. Forest Gall Midge Fauna (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Turkey. Res. J. Agr. and Biol. Sci., 2009, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 915–922.