UDC

536.629

Authors

S.G. Koposov*, G.D. Koposov*, L.N. Shestakov*
*Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov
Corresponding author: Sergey Koposov, address: Naberezhnaya Severnoy Dviny, 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation; e-mail: koposov@live.com

Abstract

Studies on ice have considerable advantages due to the low melting point and the low level of thermal fluctuations masking the observation in the substances of a high melting point. The subjects of the study in this article are the frozen discrete structures with dissociating impurities in the water. One of the objectives of the study is to determine the energy of formation of fluctuations. We formulate an experiment theory, based on a study of the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity on the subsequent release of an additive to the heat capacity of ΔC due to premelting. The activation energy is determined from the mathematical relationship ln (ΔCT²) = f (1/T). The energy of formation of fluctuations ΔЕ decreases when approaching of the impurity concentration to the eutectic point. According to the results of the experimental determination of the temperature dependence of the additive to the specific heat the premelting heating value and the concentration of fluctuations before melting are determined. The number of molecules in the fluctuations of g is determined from ΔЕ = λg, where λ is the melting heat value per one molecule. Numerical analysis of the results (in terms of NaOH) has allowed us to establish the proportion of molecules involved in fluctuations before melting, which was close to the previous results obtained by hydrogen bonds breaking. For the first time we drew attention to the need to distinguish the activation energy in the cooperative process and the activation energy of the process of bonds breaking by certain molecules. A numerical calculation showed that the latter value was close to λ.

Keywords

premelting, water-containing disperse medium, impurity, calorimetry, specific heat capacity, premelting energy

References

1. Rolov B.N., Yurkevich V.E. Fizika razmyvnykh fazovykh perekhodov [Physics of Scouring Phase Transformations]. Rostov-on-Don, 1983. 320 p. 
2. Ubbelode A. Plavlenie i kristallicheskaya struktura [Melting and a Crystal Structure]. Moscow, 1969. 330 p. 
3. Frolov A.D. Elektricheskie i drugie svoystva merzlykh porod i l’dov [Electrical and Other Properties of Permafrost Rocks and Ice]. Pushchino, 1998. 515 p. 
4. Koposov G.D, Tyagunin A.V. Kalorimetricheskie issledovaniya kvazizhidkogo sloya na poverkhnosti granul l’da [The Calorimetric Studies of a Quasi-Liquid Layer on the Surface of Ice Granules]. Pis’ma v Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 406–409. 
5. Frenkel’ Ya.I. Kineticheskaya teoriya zhidkostey [Kinetic Theory of Liquids]. Leningrad, 1975. 540 p. 
6. Shorshorov M.Kh. Ul’tradispersnoe strukturnoe sostoyanie metallicheskikh splavov [Ultrafine Structural State of Metal Alloys]. Moscow, 2001. 150 p. 
7. Koposov G.D. Predplavlenie l’da vo vlagosoderzhashchikh dispersnykh sredakh: eksperiment i problemy teorii [Premelting of Ice in the Water-Containing Dispersed Media: an Experiment and the Theory Problems]. Vestnik Pomorskogo universiteta. Ser.: Estestvennye i tochnye nauki, 2005, no. 1(7), pp. 98–104. 
8. Khait Y.L. Kinetic and Application of Atomic Diffusion in Solids: Nanoscopic Electron-Affected Stochastic Dynamics. Solid State Phenomena, 1997, vol. 53. 216 p. 
9. Khait Y.L. Calculations of the Narrow Temperature Interval for Premelting Phenomena. Phys. Stat. Sol. (b), 1985, vol. 131, pp. K19–K22. 
10. Zatsepina G.N. Fizicheskie svoystva i struktura vody [Physical Properties and a Structure of Water]. Moscow, 1985. 171 p. 
11. Bityutskaya L.A., Mashkina E.S., Gorlishchev A.V. Perekhodnye protsessy i nanostrukturirovanie pri plavlenii germaniya [Transients and Nanostructuring in the Melting of Germanium]. Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy v kondensirovannom sostoyanii i na mezhfaznykh granitsakh: materialy II vseros. konf. (Voronezh, 10–15 oktyabrya 2004 g.) [Physical and Chemical Processes in the Condensed State and at Phase Interfaces: Proc. 2nd All-Russ. Conf. (Voronezh, 10–15 October, 2004]. Voronezh, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 351–353. 
12. Koposov G.D., Bardyug D.Yu. Analiz predplavleniya l’da vo vlagosoderzhashchikh dispersnykh sredakh [Analysis of the Premelting of Ice in the Water-Containing Dispersive Media]. Pis’ma v Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki, 2007, vol. 33, no. 14, pp. 80–86. 
13. Eshevskiy O.Yu., Il’in V.A., Koposov G.D. Nizkotemperaturnyy kalorimetr na termoelementakh iz anizotropnykh materialov dlya issledovaniya dispersnykh sistem [A Low Temperature Calorimeter of Thermoelements of Anisotropic Materials for the Study of Disperse Systems]. Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta [Instruments and Experimental Techniques], 2001, no. 5, pp. 132–133. 
14. Belaya M.L., Levadnyy V.G. Molekulyarnaya struktura vody [The Molecular Structure of Water]. Moscow, 1987. 64 p.